## NAME

r.mapcalc

## DESCRIPTION

r.mapcalc performs arithmetic on raster map layers. New raster map layers can be created which are arithmetic expressions involving existing raster map layers, integer or floating point constants, and functions.

### PROGRAM USE

If used without command line arguments, r.mapcalc will read its input, one line at a time, from standard input (which is the keyboard, unless redirected from a file or across a pipe). Otherwise, the expression on the command line is evaluated. r.mapcalc expects its input to have the form:

result=expression

where result is the name of a raster map layer to contain the result of the calculation and expression is any legal arithmetic expression involving existing raster map layers, integer or floating point constants, and functions known to the calculator. Parentheses are allowed in the expression and may be nested to any depth. result will be created in the user's current mapset.

The formula entered to r.mapcalc by the user is recorded both in the result map title (which appears in the category file for result) and in the history file for result.

Some characters have special meaning to the command shell. If the user is entering input to r.mapcalc on the command line, expressions should be enclosed within single quotes. See NOTES, below.

### OPERATORS AND ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

The following operators are supported:

         Operator   Meaning                    Type        Precedence
         --------------------------------------------------------------
         -          negation                   Arithmetic  12
         ~          one's complement           Bitwise     12
         !          not                        Logical     12
         ^          exponentiation             Arithmetic  11
         %          modulus                    Arithmetic  10
         /          division                   Arithmetic  10
         *          multiplication             Arithmetic  10
         +          addition                   Arithmetic   9
         -          subtraction                Arithmetic   9
         <<         left shift                 Bitwise      8
         >>         right shift                Bitwise      8
         >>>        right shift (unsigned)     Bitwise      8
         >          greater than               Logical      7
         >=         greater than or equal      Logical      7
         <          less than                  Logical      7
         <=         less than or equal         Logical      7
         ==         equal                      Logical      6
         !=         not equal                  Logical      6
         &          bitwise and                Bitwise      5
         |          bitwise or                 Bitwise      4
         &&         logical and                Logical      3
         &&&        logical and[1]             Logical      3
         ||         logical or                 Logical      2
         |||        logical or[1]              Logical      2
         ?:         conditional                Logical      1

(modulus is the remainder upon division)

[1] The &&& and ||| operators handle null values differently to other operators. See the section entitled NULL support below for more details.

The operators are applied from left to right, with those of higher precedence applied before those with lower precedence. Division by 0 and modulus by 0 are acceptable and give a NULL result. The logical operators give a 1 result if the comparison is true, 0 otherwise.

### RASTER MAP LAYER NAMES

Anything in the expression which is not a number, operator, or function name is taken to be a raster map layer name. Examples:

    elevation
    x3
    3d.his

Most GRASS raster map layers meet this naming convention. However, if a raster map layer has a name which conflicts with the above rule, it should be quoted. For example, the expression

    x = a-b

would be interpreted as: x equals a minus b, whereas

    x = "a-b"

would be interpreted as: x equals the raster map layer named a-b

Also

    x = 3107

would create x filled with the number 3107, while

    x = "3107"

would copy the raster map layer 3107 to the raster map layer x.

Quotes are not required unless the raster map layer names look like numbers or contain operators, OR unless the program is run non-interactively. Examples given here assume the program is run interactively. See NOTES, below.

r.mapcalc will look for the raster map layers according to the user's current mapset search path. It is possible to override the search path and specify the mapset from which to select the raster map layer. This is done by specifying the raster map layer name in the form:

    name@mapset

For example, the following is a legal expression:

    result = x@PERMANENT / y@SOILS

The mapset specified does not have to be in the mapset search path. (This method of overriding the mapset search path is common to all GRASS commands, not just r.mapcalc.)

### THE NEIGHBORHOOD MODIFIER

Maps and images are data base files stored in raster format, i.e., two-dimensional matrices of integer values. In r.mapcalc, maps may be followed by a neighborhood modifier that specifies a relative offset from the current cell being evaluated. The format is map[r,c], where r is the row offset and c is the column offset. For example, map[1,2] refers to the cell one row below and two columns to the right of the current cell, map[-2,-1] refers to the cell two rows above and one column to the left of the current cell, and map[0,1] refers to the cell one column to the right of the current cell. This syntax permits the development of neighborhood-type filters within a single map or across multiple maps.

### RASTER MAP LAYER VALUES FROM THE CATEGORY FILE

Sometimes it is desirable to use a value associated with a category's label instead of the category value itself. If a raster map layer name is preceded by the @ operator, then the labels in the category file for the raster map layer are used in the expression instead of the category value.

For example, suppose that the raster map layer soil.ph (representing soil pH values) has a category file with labels as follows:

    cat	label
    ------------------
    0	no data
    1	1.4
    2	2.4
    3	3.5
    4	5.8
    5	7.2
    6	8.8
    7	9.4

Then the expression:

    result = @soils.ph

would produce a result with category values 0, 1.4, 2.4, 3.5, 5.8, 7.2, 8.8 and 9.4.

Note that this operator may only be applied to raster map layers and produces a floating point value in the expression. Therefore, the category label must start with a valid number. If the category label is integer, it will be represented by a floating point number. I the category label does not start with a number or is missing, it will be represented by NULL (no data) in the resulting raster map.

### GREY SCALE EQUIVALENTS AND COLOR SEPARATES

It is often helpful to manipulate the colors assigned to map categories. This is particularly useful when the spectral properties of cells have meaning (as with imagery data), or when the map category values represent real quantities (as when category values reflect true elevation values). Map color manipulation can also aid visual recognition, and map printing.

The # operator can be used to either convert map category values to their grey scale equivalents or to extract the red, green, or blue components of a raster map layer into separate raster map layers.

    result = #map

converts each category value in map to a value in the range 0-255 which represents the grey scale level implied by the color for the category. If the map has a grey scale color table, then the grey level is what #map evaluates to. Otherwise, it is computed as:

     0.10 * red + 0.81 * green + 0.01 * blue

Alternatively, you can use:

    result = y#map

to use the NTSC weightings:

     0.30 * red + 0.59 * green + 0.11 * blue

Or, you can use:

    result = i#map

to use equal weightings:

     0.33 * red + 0.33 * green + 0.33 * blue

The # operator has three other forms: r#map, g#map, b#map. These extract the red, green, or blue components in the named raster map, respectively. The GRASS shell script r.blend extracts each of these components from two raster map layers, and combines them by a user-specified percentage. These forms allow color separates to be made. For example, to extract the red component from map and store it in the new 0-255 map layer red, the user could type:

    red = r#map

To assign this map grey colors type:

    r.colors map=red color=rules
    black
    white

To assign this map red colors type:

    r.colors map=red color=rules
    black
    red

### FUNCTIONS

The functions currently supported are listed in the table below. The type of the result is indicated in the last column. F means that the functions always results in a floating point value, I means that the function gives an integer result, and * indicates that the result is float if any of the arguments to the function are floating point values and integer if all arguments are integer.

    function		description					type
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    abs(x)			return absolute value of x			*
    acos(x)			inverse cosine of x (result is in degrees)	F
    asin(x)			inverse sine of x (result is in degrees)	F
    atan(x)			inverse tangent of x (result is in degrees)	F
    atan(x,y)		inverse tangent of y/x (result is in degrees)	F
    cos(x)			cosine of x (x is in degrees)			F
    double(x)		convert x to double-precision floating point	F
    eval([x,y,...,]z)	evaluate values of listed expr, pass results to z
    exp(x)			exponential function of x			F
    exp(x,y)		x to the power y				F
    float(x)		convert x to single-precision floating point	F
    graph(x,x1,y1[x2,y2..])	convert the x to a y based on points in a graph	F
    if			decision options:				*
    if(x)			1 if x not zero, 0 otherwise
    if(x,a)			a if x not zero, 0 otherwise
    if(x,a,b)		a if x not zero, b otherwise
    if(x,a,b,c)		a if x > 0, b if x is zero, c if x < 0
    int(x)			convert x to integer [ truncates ]		I
    isnull(x)               check if x = NULL
    log(x)			natural log of x				F
    log(x,b)		log of x base b					F
    max(x,y[,z...])		largest value of those listed			*
    median(x,y[,z...])	median value of those listed			*
    min(x,y[,z...])		smallest value of those listed			*
    mode(x,y[,z...])        mode value of those listed                      *
    not(x)			1 if x is zero, 0 otherwise
    pow(x,y)		x to the power y				*
    rand(a,b)		random value x : a <= x < b
    round(x)		round x to nearest integer			I
    sin(x)			sine of x (x is in degrees)			F
    sqrt(x)			square root of x				F
    tan(x)			tangent of x (x is in degrees)			F
    xor(x,y)		exclusive-or (XOR) of x and y			I

    Internal variables:
     row()                  current row of moving window
     col()                  current col of moving window
     x()                    current x-coordinate of moving window
     y()                    current y-coordinate of moving window
     ewres()                current east-west resolution
     nsres()                current north-south resolution
     null()                 NULL value

Note, that the row() and col() indexing starts with 1.

### FLOATING POINT VALUES IN THE EXPRESSION

Floating point numbers are allowed in the expression. A floating point number is a number which contains a decimal point:

        2.3   12.0   12.   .81

Floating point values in the expression are handled in a special way. With arithmetic and logical operators, if either operand is float, the other is converted to float and the result of the operation is float. This means, in particular that division of integers results in a (truncated) integer, while division of floats results in an accurate floating point value. With functions of type * (see table above), the result is float if any argument is float, integer otherwise.

Note: If you calculate with integer numbers, the resulting map will be integer. If you want to get a float result, add the decimal point to integer number(s).

If you want floating point division, at least one of the arguments has to be a floating point value. Multiplying one of them by 1.0 will produce a floating-point result, as will using float():

          r.mapcalc "ndvi=float(lsat.4 - lsat.3) / (lsat.4 + lsat.3)"

### NULL support

- Division by zero should result in NULL.
- Modulus by zero should result in NULL.
- NULL-values in any arithmetic or logical operation should result in NULL. (however, &&& and ||| are treated specially, as described below).
- The &&& and ||| operators observe the following axioms even when x is NULL:

      	x &&& false == false
      	false &&& x == false
      	x ||| true == true
      	true ||| x == true

- NULL-values in function arguments should result in NULL (however, if(), eval() and isnull() are treated specially, as described below).
- The eval() function always returns its last argument
- The situation for if() is:

      if(x)
      	NULL if x is NULL; 0 if x is zero; 1 otherwise
      if(x,a)
      	NULL if x is NULL; a if x is non-zero; 0 otherwise
      if(x,a,b)
      	NULL if x is NULL; a if x is non-zero; b otherwise
      if(x,n,z,p)
      	NULL if x is NULL; n if x is negative;
      z if x is zero; p if x is positive

- The (new) function isnull(x) returns: 1 if x is NULL; 0 otherwise. The (new) function null() (which has no arguments) returns an integer NULL.
- Non-NULL, but invalid, arguments to functions should result in NULL.

      Examples:
      log(-2)
      sqrt(-2)
      pow(a,b) where a is negative and b is not an integer

NULL support: Please note that any math performed with NULL cells always results in a NULL value for these cells. If you want to replace a NULL cell on-the-fly, use the isnull() test function in a if-statement.

Example: The users wants the NULL-valued cells to be treated like zeros. To add maps A and B (where B contains NULLs) to get a map C the user can use a construction like:

    C=A + if(isnull(B),0,B)

NULL and conditions:

For the one argument form:

    if(x) = NULL		if x is NULL
    if(x) = 0		if x = 0
    if(x) = 1		otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).

For the two argument form:

    if(x,a) = NULL		if x is NULL
    if(x,a) = 0		if x = 0
    if(x,a) = a		otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).

For the three argument form:

    if(x,a,b) = NULL	if x is NULL
    if(x,a,b) = b		if x = 0
    if(x,a,b) = a		otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).

For the four argument form:

    if(x,a,b,c) = NULL	if x is NULL
    if(x,a,b,c) = a		if x > 0
    if(x,a,b,c) = b		if x = 0
    if(x,a,b,c) = c		if x < 0

More generally, all operators and most functions return NULL if *any* of their arguments are NULL.
The functions if(), isnull() and eval() are exceptions.
The function isnull() returns 1 if its argument is NULL and 0 otherwise. If the user wants the opposite, the ! operator, e.g. "!isnull(x)" must be used.

All forms of if() return NULL if the first argument is NULL. The 2, 3 and 4 argument forms of if() return NULL if the "selected" argument is NULL, e.g.:

    if(0,a,b) = b	regardless of whether a is NULL
    if(1,a,b) = a	regardless of whether b is NULL

eval() always returns its last argument, so it only returns NULL if the last argument is NULL.

Note: The user cannot test for NULL using the == operator, as that returns NULL if either or both arguments are NULL, i.e. if x and y are both NULL, then "x == y" and "x != y" are both NULL rather than 1 and 0 respectively.
The behaviour makes sense if the user considers NULL as representing an unknown quantity. E.g. if x and y are both unknown, then the values of "x == y" and "x != y" are also unknown; if they both have unknown values, the user doesn't know whether or not they both have the same value.

## NOTES

Extra care must be taken if the expression is given on the command line. Some characters have special meaning to the UNIX shell. These include, among others:

* ( ) > & |

It is advisable to put single quotes around the expression; e.g.:

    result = 'elevation * 2'

Without the quotes, the *, which has special meaning to the UNIX shell, would be altered and r.mapcalc would see something other than the *.

In general, it's preferable to do as much as possible in each r.mapcalc command. E.g. rather than:

            r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.r = r#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * r#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"
            r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.g = g#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * g#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"
            r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.b = b#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * b#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"

use:

    		r.mapcalc <<EOF
            $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.r = r#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * r#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
            $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.g = g#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * g#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
            $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.b = b#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * b#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
            EOF

as the latter will read each input map only once. If the input comes directly from the keyboard and the result raster map layer exists, the user will be asked if it can be overwritten. Otherwise, the result raster map layer will automatically be overwritten if it exists.

Quoting result is not allowed. However, it is never necessary to quote result since it is always taken to be a raster map layer name.

For formulas that the user enters from standard input (rather than from the command line), a line continuation feature now exists. If the user adds a backslash to the end of an input line, r.mapcalc assumes that the formula being entered by the user continues on to the next input line. There is no limit to the possible number of input lines or to the length of a formula.

If the r.mapcalc formula entered by the user is very long, the map title will contain only some of it, but most (if not all) of the formula will be placed into the history file for the result map.

When the user enters input to r.mapcalc non-interactively on the command line, the program will not warn the user not to overwrite existing map layers. Users should therefore take care to assign program outputs raster map names that do not yet exist in their current mapsets.

The environment variable GRASS_RND_SEED is read to initialise the random number generator.

## EXAMPLES

To compute the average of two raster map layers a and b:

    ave = (a + b)/2

To form a weighted average:

    ave = (5*a + 3*b)/8.0

To produce a binary representation of the raster map layer a so that category 0 remains 0 and all other categories become 1:

    mask = a != 0

This could also be accomplished by:

    mask = if(a)

To mask raster map layer b by raster map layer a:

    result = if(a,b)

To change all values below 5 to NULL:

    newmap = if(map<5, null(), 5)

The graph() function allows users to specify a x-y conversion using pairs of x,y coordinates. In some situations a transformation from one value to another is not easily established mathematically, but can be represented by a 2-D graph and then linearly interpolated. The graph() function provides the opportunity to accomplish this. An x-axis value is provided to the graph function along with the associated graph represented by a series of x,y pairs. The x values must be monotonically increasing (each larger than or equal to the previous). The graph function linearly interpolates between pairs. Any x value lower the lowest x value (i.e. first) will have the associated y value returned. Any x value higher than the last will similarly have the associated y value returned. Consider the request:

    newmap = graph(map, 1,10, 2,25, 3,50)

X (map) values supplied and y (newmap) values returned:

    0, 10
    1, 10
    1.5, 17.5
    2.9, 47.5
    4, 50
    100, 50

## BUGS

Continuation lines must end with a \ and have NO trailing white space (blanks or tabs). If the user does leave white space at the end of continuation lines, the error messages produced by r.mapcalc will be meaningless and the equation will not work as the user intended. This is important for the eval() function.

Error messages produced by r.mapcalc are almost useless. In future, r.mapcalc should make some attempt to point the user to the offending section of the equation, e.g.:

    x = a * b ++ c
    ERROR: somewhere in line 1: ...  b ++ c ...

Currently, there is no comment mechanism in r.mapcalc. Perhaps adding a capability that would cause the entire line to be ignored when the user inserted a # at the start of a line as if it were not present, would do the trick.

The function should require the user to type "end" or "exit" instead of simply a blank line. This would make separation of multiple scripts separable by white space.

r.mapcalc does not print a warning in case of operations on NULL cells. It is left to the user to utilize the isnull() function.

## SEE ALSO

r.mapcalc: An Algebra for GIS and Image Processing, by Michael Shapiro and Jim Westervelt, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (March/1991).

Performing Map Calculations on GRASS Data: r.mapcalc Program Tutorial, by Marji Larson, Michael Shapiro and Scott Tweddale, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (December 1991)

Grey scale conversion is based on the C.I.E. x,y,z system where y represents luminance. See "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing," by Anil K. Jain (Prentice Hall, NJ, 1989; p 67).

g.region, r.bitpattern, r.blend, r.colors, r.fillnulls

## AUTHORS

Michael Shapiro, U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

Glynn Clements

Last changed: $Date: 2013-09-14 05:15:47 +0200 (so, 14 IX 2013) $

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